Nevertheless, ultrasound imaging has been used to measure spinal segment height in vivo 1 2 16–18 and in vitro. However, the method yields comparatively lower-resolution images and may be less accurate. 15 Ultrasound imaging does not provide exposure to ionising radiation and has the additional advantages of being financially cost-effective and portable. X-ray, while also yielding high-resolution images, exposes patients to potentially harmful ionising radiation. 13 MRI is considered the reference standard when imaging the spine, 14 yet is often not available or obtainable for different reasons. 1 9–12 MRI and X-rays can measure IVD height directly, while stadiometry and ultrasound imaging estimate IVD height indirectly. Various methods have been employed to study immediate changes in IVD height, such as MRI, stadiometry, X-ray and ultrasound imaging. 7 The results of the systematic review published in 2019 8 endorse the addition of point-of-care ultrasound imaging to the assessment and treatment process. It is used with ‘the intent of clarifying uncertain clinical examination findings to enhance the quality and effectiveness of a physical therapy intervention’. Point-of-care ultrasound imaging is becoming more popular as a form of examination. 5 In addition, loss of disc height has been correlated with low back pain, 6 and therefore knowledge of this phenomenon could be of value for the treating clinician.

4 Together with other radiological signs, such as the presence of osteophytes and endplate sclerosis, decreased IVD height is considered a sign of disc degeneration. 2 Decreases in IVD height occur with ageing and disease processes.

3 Measuring IVD height and assessing changes thereof can provide valuable information on the hydration status of the IVD.

1 For example, during space flight, a spinal height increase of 2 inches is common, 2 which is largely due to water fluctuations occurring in the intervertebral disc (IVD), and places the astronaut at an increased risk of IVD trauma. The spine height of a fully grown individual decreases with load-bearing and increases with unloading.

Ultrasound rare remixes downloads